It also has to be acknowledged that the presented data are of cross-sectional nature and thus represent correlations that do not allow for proof of causality. Altogether, FA species in the CNS are associated with metabolic traits such as energy expenditure, plasma glucose and substrate utilization in humans which is consistent with previous research in rodents. These data set the ground for future intervention experiments to test whether central FAs have the potential to regulate peripheral metabolism in humans or whether the opposite is the case. The central nervous system is anatomically separated from the rest of the body and has been considered an immunological. Bacterial translocation is a common and recurrent event occurring in decompensated cirrhosis and constitutes the current pathogenic theory for the onset of bacterial infections in this setting. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth, impairment in permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and deficiencies in local host immune defences are the major mechanisms postulated to favour BT in cirrhosis. Consistently, it was proposed that the cortex of the damaged hemisphere may subserve motor recovery after stroke. Lastly, it is noteworthy that exercise was associated with the appearance of a strong BDNF staining in endothelium of cortical vessels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that exercise is reported to affect cerebral BDNF metabolism in cells other than neurons. This finding may clearly open new avenues on the link between cardiovascular stimulation elicited by exercise and BDNF-dependent plasticity in the brain. In conclusion, the present results are consistent with the involvement of BDNF-dependent plasticity in the beneficial effect of treadmill exercise after stroke. Although distinct biochemical mechanisms are likely to be involved in the production of mBDNF between exercised control and exercised stroke rats, it is important to highlight that exercise increases with a similar intensity mBDNF production in control and stroke animals. This finding suggests that control rats can be used to find optimal conditions of exercise that will result in increased mBDNF levels in stroke rats. Future studies will aim to investigate the interaction of stroke combined to exercise on BDNF processing and to understand the mechanisms involved in BDNF overexpression by cerebral endothelium after exercise. Currently vector control for malaria control programs depends largely upon the use of Insecticide Residual Spraying of indoor house walls and, or, the more recently developed Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets. There has been much debate as to the relative advantages and disadvantages of IRS and LLINs. IRS is effective, but normally has to be repeated every 3–6 months, making it difficult to sustain. LLINs have been scaled up across much of Africa through the Roll Back Malaria global partnership since 1998, but obtaining correct and sustained usage of LLINs can be challenging, and there are concerns about LLIN material durability. In some situations, use of other prevention approaches could be suitable.