Thus, BLI has limited clinical use, and it is more suitable for small animal studies. Finally, owing to tissue attenuation and refraction, the eGFP of fluorescence imaging is only 2 mm. Because of interference by the fur and tissue of rats, thoracotomy is required before fluorescence imaging, as shown in Figure 1A. Fluorescence is an autonomous property of cells, and the generation of fluorescence does not require an exogenous reaction substrate. We directly analyzed the expression of eGFP in tissue under a fluorescence microscope. Moreover, fluorescence imaging is superior to the other two imaging techniques in terms of its use for the in vitro analysis of eGFP. In our study, although the dynamic observation of survival and migration of stem cells in the myocardium of the infarction model was successful, the duration was relatively short for in vivo monitoring of stem cell proliferation and differentiation as well as evaluation of whether cardiac function improved after stem cell transplantation for treating ischemic heart disease. A recent study has shown that a retrovirus can insert a target gene into the genome of stem cells, which may be advantageous for monitoring stem cell proliferation. Most current studies of in vivo monitoring of transplanted stem cells to treat ischemic heart disease have been focused on cell survival, proliferation and migration. Further research of stem cell differentiation and evaluation of its treatment efficacy is needed. BMSCs promote myocardial repair and revascularization, and currently it is one of the promising methods for treating myocardial infarction. To improve the repair of infarcted myocardium by transplanted BMSCs, a combination of gene therapy and transplanted BMSCs is used in most cases. For example, after transfection with Bcl-2 or PAI-1, the BMSC survival rate increases. XL-184 Furthermore, Ang1-tranfected BMSCs provide better remodeling of infarcted myocardium. Integrin-linked kinase promotes the adhesion of BMSCs to the infarcted myocardium. Reporter gene imaging is mature and used for in vivo monitoring regardless of whether a therapeutic gene is expressed or not, the extent of expression and the duration of therapeutic gene expression. In addition, owing to the characteristics the reporter gene technique, namely good specificity and a true reflection of the stem cells, such a technique is relatively mature for in vivo monitoring of stem cell therapy. Therefore, TGF reporter gene imaging is likely to be a comprehensive method not only for tracking stem cells, but also for monitoring the gene expression in combination with gene therapy, which provides a multi-faceted platform for in vivo monitoring of transplanted stem cells for treating ischemic heart diseases. While several risk factors for prostate cancer have been identified, such as ethnic origin, age, family history, and diet, the exact etiology of prostate cancer remains unknown. Many recent studies provide evidence that chronic inflammation is an important contributing factor for prostate carcinogenesis by causing DNA damage, promoting cellular turnover, and creating a tissue microenvironment.