In community settings, impairment on various cognitive measures has been shown to be a risk factor for falls, although dementia itself has only been examined and shown to be a risk factor for falls in community dwelling people with Parkinson’s disease, and in residents of extended care settings. The identification of potentially modifiable risk factors has been critical in the development of effective multifactorial falls intervention programmes, particularly for older people at high risk of falling. It is likely that falls in dementia are also multi-factorial in origin, possibly with risk factors similar to those identified in the general older population, but there may be other potentially modifiable factors specific to dementia. It is thought that those with Lewy body dementias are at particular risk, and a history of recurrent falls is accepted as a supporting feature for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. We suspect that catalase will have a wider range of substrates than those of which we are currently aware, and will play multiple roles in the defense against strong oxidizing agents encountered in nature, including a variety of heavy metal ions. Ubiquitination controls many cellular processes, including degradation of proteins by the proteasome and intracellular trafficking. Although measuring breakdown rates of specific tissues or proteins is not yet possible in vivo, the tracer data available do provide indirect evidence that protein breakdown was higher in the MPred group versus FR. Since all animals received the same amount of phenylalanine tracer, the higher enrichment in plasma and muscle free pools of the FR group could occur only if the appearance rate of unlabeled phenylalanine from protein breakdown was substantially reduced compared to MPred rats and Controls. There are no alternative explanations that we are aware of to explain these clear differences in plasma and tissue fluid enrichment. Moreover, this interpretation, although relying on an indirect index, can BKM120 customer reviews account for the differences in final muscle mass. Thus, while muscle protein synthesis was reduced in the FR group versus Control, the loss of muscle mass was minimized due to a concomitant decline in protein breakdown. The greater loss of muscle mass in the MPred group appears to be due to reduced protein synthesis rate along with protein breakdown that remained similar to the Control group. The failure of protein breakdown to decrease along with protein synthesis would result in negative protein balance and muscle wasting in MPred animals. Nedd8 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that regulates the rate or extent of ubiquitination, whereas SUMO1 is involved mostly in regulation of transcription factors and in nuclear import. The attachment of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like modifiers to substrate proteins is covalent, yet reversible.