This straightforward approach is unlikely to be controversial compared to some existing methods. The comprehensive data collection presented here shows that the function of many uncharacterized proteins encoded by malaria parasites can likely be predicted based on expression patterns. To illustrate the validity of the approach we have discussed many Vorinostat wellcharacterized processes involving genes with known roles in human, parasites and yeast, as well as others where the function can be easily inferred. However, based on the accuracy of these predictions for these well-studied cellular processes such as ribosome biogenesis, it is clear that the same analysis can predict which uncharacterized proteins that are likely to have roles in less understood processes such as sporozoite function, gliding motility, or ookinete function. Mini-proteins are polypeptides consisting of no more than 100 amino acids , which are widespread in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and found to play important roles in a variety of functionalities. Mini-proteins usually contain a single domain. In prokaryotes, well known mini-proteins include chaperonin Hsp10, translation initiation factor IF-1, ribosomal proteins and others. In eukaryotes, certain important signalling molecules, animal toxins and protease inhibitors belong to the mini-protein family. In this study we describe an in-house ELISA to detect and quantify exosomes from cell culture supernatants and human plasma, named Exotest. Sirt1 affects many metabolic and stress resistance pathways including those involved in DNA repair, apoptosis, glucose and fat metabolism. In particular, Sirt1 plays a pivotal role in mediating effects of CR on lifespan extension. The levels of Sirt1 have been reported to increase in rodent and human tissues in response to CR and this increase can trigger favourable changes in metabolism and enhanced stress tolerance. This was supported by findings that transgenic mice overexpressing Sirt1 demonstrated a phenotype resembling caloric restriction although whether these mice have an extended lifespan remains to be established. Sirt1-null mice were also shown to have lost the normal metabolic response to CR and failed to show lifespan extension by CR. It is thus surprising that Sirt1 level showed no increase in muscle tissue of PLP mice that live longer. This may be due to tissue specific regulation of Sirt1 expression in response to maternal protein restriction as an up-regulation of Sirt1 expression can be detected in the kidneys of PLP mice. Indeed tissue-specific regulation of Sirt1 was observed in CR mice in which both the protein level and activity of Sirt1 in the liver were down-regulated compared to the ad libitum fed controls. However, the decrease in Sirt1 protein in muscle tissue of recuperated animals which have a 26% decrease in mean lifespan is in line with its role in regulation of lifespan and may thus have a negative impact on longevity in these animals.