Some recent studies showed that the leaf-associated fungal assemblages are spatially structured, from the regional scale to the single tree canopy scale and along elevation gradients. Although these fungi are often generalists with a cosmopolitan distribution, these assemblages are structured by both abiotic factors such as the mean annual temperature or rainfall, and biotic factors such as the host genotype. The difference in fungal assemblages between, in one hand, the Pyrenees and, in another hand, the Alps and the Vosges could be the result of a higher initial sequencing effort in the Pyrenees although all the assemblages were randomly downsampled at a similar sequencing depth. Several recent studies showed that the belowground fungal composition varies along elevation gradients,,,. In this study, the composition of root-associated fungi first correlat with the soil pH and secondly with the temperature. However, the soil pH correlated with the C:N ratio and because the mean annual temperature correlated with two other soil variables the direct effect of climate cannot be ascertained. Nevertheless, the soil characteristics were previously reported as drivers of the microbial assemblage. Indeed, our results show that fungal composition is strongly related to soil pH confirming previous reports on soil fungal and bacterial communities,. Our results suggest that temperature might be an important factor in shaping EcM specific composition, although it was not possible to distinguish the effect of the climatic variables and the correlated soil variables. The climatic variables could drive EcM composition indirectly by the effect of climate on vegetation through root status and turnover for example. Indeed, it is known that a major structuring factor of EcM assemblages is the host family. The beech-dominated stands were explicitly chosen to limit this biotic effect. This may explain why the region effect is of less importance for explaining rootassociated basidiomycetes assemblage diversity as EcM fungi closely associated with their beech host represent a large part of this assemblage.According to our results, the above-ground and below-ground fungal assemblages do not follow similar environmental drivers. The phyllosphere assemblage was found to be dominated by ascomycetes, as has already been described, whereas both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes contributed to root-associated fungal assemblage in a similar proportion, even if EcM fungi are dominated by basidiomycetes. While the phyllosphere assemblage appeared to be largely related to climatic variables, the rootassociated assemblage was related to both edaphic and climatic variables. To go further, it appears important to analyse the data at lower taxonomic levels or taking into account the ecological trait differences. It is possible that the fungal taxonomic groups are too heterogeneous to be pooled into one assemblage. Considering the whole assemblage might therefore blur the relationship of Everolimus sub-assemblage with environmental gradients and impede our understanding of fungal community ecology. Abundant and abnormal accumulation of the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein Tau is a pathological feature.