Its members are conserved from yeast to human. One of the family members, Yap8, appears in Figure 3C and shows accelerated evolution to the average of the genome, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Yap8 is under positive selection to fulfill a wider genetic program required to deal with new environmental stimuli. Reb1 protein is an essential, auto-regulated DNA-binding protein that binds to many sites in the S. cerevisiae genome. Van Slyke et al. showed that Reb1p is likely to play an important role in the complex regulation of CLB2 product 2a protein with a central distinct role among the cyclins2 which will in turn influence the timing or progression of the cell cycle, or the Butenafine hydrochloride budding process. Consequently, identification of other proteins that affect this promoter and their interactions will allow us to understand not only the regulatory circuitry of CLB2, but also the mechanisms by which cell cycle is regulated. Sko1 is also a basic leucine zipper TF of the ATF/CREB family. In a recent breakthrough on our Chlorhexidine hydrochloride understanding on cell cycle control, Niu et al observed that over-expression of the TF Sko1 arrest cells at G1 phase by activating the pheromone response pathway, supporting the notion that many genes may gain function upon over-expression. Surprisingly, the 7 highly interconnected TFs described above, regulate the expression of a gene with unknown function, FMP43, whose expression level was very high under all conditions tested in this study and significantly differentially expressed by FA addition. The identification of FMP43 as one of the primary contributors of the environmental and internal sensing mechanisms to achieve network dynamics attracted our attention. Subsequently, we further explored how the phenotypic biomarkers and the network robustness are affected by redundancy and degeneracy of this protein and its human ortholog. In actively dividing cells, cell size reflects the balance between growth and division. Environmental or genetic perturbations, such as addition of a compound in the culture medium or gene deletions, could shift the balance in favor of growth. Such shift could be either due to higher growth rate of the cells or a delay in division, and it inevitably results in increase of the cell size. These principles apply to the present study, where a gene deletion resulted in higher growth rate, and thus higher cell size and biomass yield for the constructed mutant compared with the wild type. This interpretation also implies that cell cycle progression could be affected. A recent study showed that the ability of yeast cells to grow changes during the cell cycle. Specifically, during the normal cell cycle, cellular growth is slower at the passage through the G1/S-phase boundary, while the ability of cells to grow is higher in anaphaseand G1-arrested cells than in any other cell cycle stage. If cell cycle progression in the FMP mutant is indeed altered, then we hypothesize that FMP43 protein is related to and somehow affects key regulatory mechanisms governing the cell cycle, as for instance the G1/S-phase control point. Additional experiments, to detect any cell cycle dissimilarity of the FMP strain compared to the CON strain, are needed. Flow cytometry experiments 2using the propidium iodide to stain nuclear DNA or a more sensitive DNA stain2 would be suitable to this direction. A plethora of computational approaches can be used to overcome the limitations of experimental techniques. Computational tools have become critical for the integration, representation and visualization of heterogeneous genomics, proteomics and biomedical data. Experimental techniques, like 
yeast-twohybrid, have enabled to pair-wisely screen protein-protein interactions. Nevertheless, the study of protein complex data involving more than two partners is relatively restricted due to the limitations of the currently available high-throughput techniques. Computational approaches complement experimental methods for the detection of protein complexes using protein interaction data.