The resulting meshwork of cross-linked chromatin fibers is subjected to cleavage with restriction enzyme, followed by DNA ligation. The restriction fragments that are held in close spatial proximity due to the cross-linkages between DNA-bound proteins have an increased likelihood of meeting each other and thus becoming cross-ligated compared to fragments located far from each other in the nuclear space. Therefore, the ligation frequency of any two restriction fragments can be used to measure the relative spatial proximity of these fragments in the nuclear space. In a conventional 3C experiment, ligation frequencies are determined by qPCR with amplicons spanning ligation junctions of interest and expressed in units reflecting the relative amounts of the ligation products. Based on the analysis of relative frequencies of interaction of an arbitrary chosen anchor fragment with a set of fragments located at different distances from the anchor one can find the fragments that are likely to reside in close spatial proximity to the anchor. Along with the research advancement and technology improvement, the artificial seeds will have a wider application in plant research and plant biotechnology. Benign prostate hyperplasia is a common disease in elderly males characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria, and is present in approximately 40% of men 50 years of age and above. The socioeconomic impact of BPH can be better appreciated in light of the growing prevalence of the disease and the upward trend in life expectancy. China has a rapidly increasing aging population with approximately 20,000,000 men with BPH, and a significant proportion of these patients will require surgical treatment. Transurethral resection of the prostate is the gold standard for surgical treatment of BPH. However, TURP for BPH patients has been hampered by a high failure rate to achieve the desired outcome of alleviating urinary tract symptoms and approximately 15% to 
20% of patients may require a second surgery 10 years after TURP. Small volume BPH may cause bladder outlet obstruction, and TURP as a single therapy cannot adequately address the multiple causes of BOO caused by small volume BPH. In addition, TURP is associated with a relatively long hospital stay of up to 5 days and thus increased medical costs. These issues have fueled interest in developing alternative surgical procedures that are more effective and safer for relieving promote academic research health care benefits gprd obstruction and at the same time decrease morbidity, shorten hospitalization, and reduce medical cost. Studies examining treatments specifically for small volume BPH are somewhat few in number, and those that have been performed have reported encouraging results for transurethral incision of the prostrate and minimal transurethral prostatectomy plus bladder neck incision.