These findings further extend this body of research by showing for the first time that alterations in cognitive affective processing specifically for “comfort foods,” may be related to the bi-directional risk of depression and obesity. Future studies will test the limitations identified here and may open up new avenues for treating comorbid obesity and depression. There were reverse association between prevalence of current smoking as well as current alcohol consumption and VAI in males, and positive association between prevalence of inactive physical activity as well as chronic disease and VAI in males, according to Table 1, maybe it reflect the possible transition to healthy lifestyle in individuals who already have faced some chronic disease manifestations, however the underlying mechanism still need to be revealed in the future study. Generally speaking, well-educated middle aged individuals involve in more social activities such as business dinner or banquet, consuming more high calorie and high fat foods, and have no time to participate in outdoor activities, this may help to explain the reason why well-educated ladies have less physical activities according to Table 2. However, there was no directly evidence of reverse association between well-educated individuals and inactive physical activity, since it was not the same in males. Age, as well as serum creatinine, Org 27569 have positive correlation with VAI in females. Maybe the possible reason is that there were sizeable number of postmenopause women included in the upper quartile VAI of females. It’s a well known fact that age is closely related with serum creatinine. However, the relationship between serum creatinine and VAI need to be revealed in the future study. The VAI is a sex-specific scoring system based on WC, BMI, TG and HDLC and is capable of providing information regarding visceral adipose tissue function and insulin sensitivity; it has recently been suggested as a surrogate of visceral adiposity. However, there is no ideal cutoff point at which to diagnose visceral adiposity. Another researcher used VAI tertiles to determine an appropriate stratified cut-off point. We used quartiles to both evaluate visceral adipose dysfunction and undertake a detailed analysis of the relationship between VAI and blood pressure. We also found that the 3rd quartile of the VAI correlated positively with prehypertension in both model one and model two among women; the ORs were 1.517, P = 0.008, and 1.516, P = 0.008; the 3rd quartile of the VAI correlated positively with hypertension in model two among men; the OR was 1.542, P = 0.042. However,BMS-599626 the upper quartile of the VAI correlated positively with both prehypertension and hypertension in both model one and model two. Therefore, the upper quartile of the VAI may be used as a criterion with which to evaluate visceral adipose dysfunction. Visceral adiposity is almost well-validated for prediction of metabolic syndrome, however sparse data about VAI and metabolic syndrome reported. Therefore, a multivariate logistic regression was also performed in order to check the relationship between VAI and metabolic syndrome. VAI, WC, and waist-height ratio were the best predictors of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome among Peruvian adults, more and more studies come to an agreement that VAI was a good marker of metabolic syndrome.