The distance between the Pma1 clusters in such a group was comparable to the distances at which the homo-FRET effect was exhibited; therefore, the observed decrease in fluorescence anisotropy in response to glucose addition can be at least partially explained by this phenomenon. While intracellular labeling can be observed in all of the images, we assume that it is the labeling of the newly synthesized Pma1 molecules during their delivery to PM. Further research however, showed that Mechlorethamine hydrochloride miRNAs are present in a large number of eukaryotes, from plants to humans. Generally, miRNAs consist of nucleotides and are highly conserved across species. Currently, more than 5900 miRNAs have been identified and deposited in the miRNA database.Recent genome-wide computational screens for miRNA targets in humans predict that at least 10% to 30% of all genes are regulated by miRNAs. These predictions suggest that a single miRNA can suppress up to hundreds of target mRNAs, while one target mRNA can be controlled by several miRNAs. Consequently, miRNAs are being discussed as a new type of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. As a result of their regulatory nature in healthy physiology, miRNAs have significant impact on diseases, such as cancer and infectious diseases, where pathogens express miRNAs to interact with the host organism. Due to their biochemical properties, miRNAs have the potential to be exploited as novel therapies in a wide range of human diseases, e.g. mechanisms targeting obesity, cancer or inflammation. To properly adjust such treatments, one of the first requirements is to understand which miRNAs play a key role in a given scenario. Currently, there is very limited knowledge about i) which miRNAs are involved in specific processes and physiological responses, ii) at what time point miRNAs start interacting with the target gene and iii) what target genes are influenced by miRNAs in a given scenario, such as disease. In this context, a growing number of studies started to focus on the relevance of miRNAs in inflammation. Stimulation of myelomonocytic cell line THP-1 with lipopolysaccharide resulted in upregulation of miR-132, miR-155 and miR-146, which has also been shown to play a potential role in psoriasis or cancer. Following the current hypothesis of miRNAs being a new major regulator of gene expression, and therefore exhibiting a functional impact on many physiological processes, we aimed to investigate the relevance of miRNA signatures in responses to microbial pattern molecules. Fine tuning inflammatory responses, especially in key effector cells like human Protopanaxtriol monocytes, requires regulatory mechanisms which can react to a variety of exogenous and endogenous signals. Current studies indicate that miRNAs play an important role in this context, however, the detailed knowledge of how miRNAs act in inflammation is limited to a few prominent candidates. The salient finding of the present study documents that miRNA signatures in response to innate-type microbial pattern recognition in primary human monocytes, which exhibit influence on target genes, may represent an important controlling element. This control may be a crucial element in maintaining and modulating efficient inflammatory responses.