FAE treatment was associated with upregulated terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Glutathione is a major antioxidant and FAE treatment was associated with higher expression of genes involved in GSH biosynthesis: Gclc and Gclm genes that code for the catalytic and modifier subunits, respectively, of GCL which catalyzes the first, rate limiting step in GSH synthesis and Gss that catalyzes the second step in GSH synthesis. Mineral absorption was the only identified significant SPIA KEGG pathway which contains genes important for regulation of oxidative stress including upregulated metallothionein Mt1a and Mt2a and Hmox1 genes. It has been reported that DMF exerts antioxidative effects via NFE2L2 -like 2) transcription factor. DMF is converted in the intestine to monomethyl fumarate which is the major active pharmacological substance. Recently, MMF was found to be a Frovatriptan succinate monohydrate potent agonist of the niacin receptor. In addition, treatment with both niacin and DMF is associated with similar adverse side effects such as skin flushing which is dependent on niacin receptor activation and pleiotropic effects of niacin include amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress. Thus it is conceivable that the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of FAE Bis(heptyl)-cognitin dihydrochloride observed in these studies might be mediated, at least in part, by the effects of the active metabolite MMF on the niacin receptor. On the other hand, we found that SHR-CRP rats treated with FAE showed reduced expression of Hcar2 gene when compared to untreated controls which suggests that FAE does not activate niacin receptor. In conclusion, the current findings provide evidence for potentially important actions of FAE on adipose tissue biology together with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in a model of inflammation and metabolic disturbances induced by human CRP. Although the exact mechanisms mediating such actions of FAE in this model remain to be determined, the current studies raise the possibility that corresponding effects might be observed with FAE treatment in humans with metabolic disturbances associated with increased levels of CRP.