The mortality, coupled with the lack of any other abnormality observed in the dsRNA-treated adult D. citri, suggests that the CYP4 specific dsRNA are highly target specific. Target specificity of dsRNA is also useful considering the potential for dsRNA exposure to non-target organisms under field conditions. Designing target specific dsRNA is not uncommon; species-specific dsRNA has been shown to work like an insecticide by killing specifically targeted insect pests. The low concentrations needed for induction of RNAi and the highly specific nature of dsRNA suggest it might be a tool for managing insecticide resistance in D. citri. Our results indicate that dsRNAP450 reduced oxidase activity, which presumably increased insecticide susceptibility in both 
resistant and susceptible populations of D. citri. In comparison, dsRNA-gfp did not affect CYP4 gene expression or oxidase activity. These findings indicate specificity of RNAi for D. citri with the genes targeted in the present investigation. An important challenge for the application of dsRNA for practical pest control is developing a delivery method for commercial field deployment. Another practical limitation of RNAi that needs to be addressed is that large quantities of dsRNA are expensive to produce. Currently, we are working on inserting the previously described dsRNA into citrus plants for direct ingestion by D. citri during feeding. Delivery of dsRNA through transgenic plants has been achieved in Helicoverpa armigera and Diabrotica vergifera vergifera. The absence of interferon-regulated innate immunity pathways in insects allows the possibility of employing longer dsRNA for maximal RNAi. Another potentially feasible way of delivering dsRNA would be to incorporate target-specific dsRNA into bacteria with an appropriate transfection reagent and then spraying the transformed bacteria onto citrus trees. However, future work is needed to evaluate the most efficient transfection reagents and bacterial formulations to prevent the breakdown of dsRNA under field conditions. Once the entire genome of D. citri is sequenced, this delivery method could be a convenient way to conduct high-throughput loss-of-function research for determining gene functions. In addition, the Estradiol Benzoate current results suggest that further work is needed to understand the mechanism of dsRNA entry into cells following topical application of dsRNA onto D. citri to induce RNAi. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common fibrotic interstitial lung disease and has a prognosis worse than many cancers. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with IPF its pathogenesis remains poorly understood and there is no curative treatment. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between IPF and vascular diseases including cardiovascular disease and venous thromboembolism. Local imbalance in the Ginsenoside-F2 coagulation system has been demonstrated within the alveoli of IPF patients but the systemic vascular effects remain unexplained. Therapies targeting the coagulation cascade have been investigated in IPF, but a large randomised controlled trial of the vitamin K antagonist warfarin was stopped early because of increased mortality associated with the intervention. This demonstrates that selectively targeting the coagulation system is ineffective and potentially harmful in IPF and suggests an alternative pathway may be responsible for the observed link between fibrosis and vascular disease. Blood platelets play a central role in thrombosis through rapid activation and aggregation at sites of vascular injury. Transient activation of platelets also induces pro-inflammatory and profibrotic effects through the release of potent vasoactive mediators.