The current view is that myogenic clones are scarce among ectopic stem cell populations

Single cell clones isolated from mdx mice express several characteristic markers and show multipotency, and engraft with host muscle upon in vivo transplantation. However, a direct comparison of the efficacy of heterogeneous stem cells and their clonal progenies has yet to be made. We discovered that clonal progenies of ectopic stem cells with robust in vitro myogenic capacity not only engraft in injured muscle, but also yield dystrophin and myosin heavy chain. Myogenic clones from ectopic stem cells, in this case dental stem cells, that natively do not differentiate into skeletal muscle, are more efficacious towards myogenic differentiation in vivo than their heterogeneous parent stem/progenitor cell populations. In comparison with the majority of previous approaches of muscle regeneration with heterogeneous stem/progenitor cells, the present findings demonstrate the potential value of myogenic clones out of ectopic heterogeneous cells for muscle repair. Some of the previous approaches for muscle repair have relied primarily on heterogeneous stem/progenitor cell populations including either Timosaponin-BII muscle-derived or non-muscle stem cells. Myogenic clones that are infused in muscle defects appear to generate high yield muscle cells in vivo, as shown by self-renewal and differentiation by a single muscle stem cell and the expression of human dystrophin and MHC in the present work. Given the apparent biological advantage of myogenic clones, what are the issues for their potential application as a therapeutic cell source? The current view is that myogenic clones are scarce among ectopic stem cell populations. However, recent demonstration of robust self-renewal and differentiation capacity of a single muscle stem cell provides grounds for exploring whether myogenic clones are capable of muscle healing. It is also possible, and yet untested, that muscle-derived stem cells or satellite cells yield more numerous myogenic clones than ectopic stem cells. Thus, cell Tenacissoside-X therapies for muscle repair are likely effective by taking advantage of myogenic clones of both muscle-derived and ectopic stem cells.