Excess nucleic acids could result in an impairment of the immune response that fails to reduce bacterial load after 48 h of infection. However reduction of bacterial loads by 5 days post-infection does not explain why sid knockdown flies continue to die past this time point. This would imply that SID reduces tolerance to infection possibly due to increased levels of circulating nucleic acids that reduce host viability resulting from the generation of a toxic Etofibrate factor due to an altered immune response. Excess DNA in flies has been shown to lower resistance to bacterial infection possibly due to excessive signaling by nucleic acid receptors such as EYA. Our results indicate that the response to infection in siddeficient flies is biphasic with lower resistance to infection at earlier time points and reduced tolerance after reduction of bacterial loads at the longer time points most likely due to the effects of nucleic acid accumulation. In other work, sid was found to be up-regulated by,6 fold by parasitic wasp invasion and was one of a few genes whose expression increased in flies selected to resist parasitic invasion. A comparison of strategies used by different wasp parasitioids revealed that a strain that induces a strong immune response, Leptopilina boulardi, also induced sid expression by 7.2 fold. However, no induction was seen with a strain that does not Chloroquine Phosphate induce a vigorous immune response. As shown in Figure 6, sid was also induced by,3 fold after exposure to oxidative stress and this induction appears to enhance fly viability as sid knockdown flies were severely affected by exposure to paraquat resulting in a total loss of viability by four days of exposure. In conclusion, the induction of SID by bacteria, parasitic wasps, and oxidative stress indicates that this protein is an important protective component of the AMP response. It is a non-motile, lactose fermenting organism, which has been known to cause severe lung damage if aspirated. Other clinical symptoms common with Klebsiella pneumoniae infections encompass urinary-tract-infections and wound infection potentially causing bacteremia and septicemia.