In the same study, measurement of de novo fatty acid synthesis using tritium labeled acetate estimated a 60% reduction. Model calculations of the present study estimated similar levels of reduction for long-term FCCP treatment and UCP1 expression. Another shared effect of UCP1 expression and FCCP treatment was to substantially elevate net glucose consumption and lactate production. A possible explanation for this flux adjustment is that the prolonged uncoupling elicited a metabolic adaptation to diminished oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. Cultured adipocytes derive ATP primarily from glucose oxidation, because they have only a limited capacity to mobilize intracellular fat stores through b-oxidation. Prior studies by our laboratory and others have shown that neither UCP1 expression nor FCCP treatment significantly stimulate b-oxidation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conversion of glucose into lactate production via glycolysis is an alternative route to ATP generation. While the yield of ATP is less, this route does not involve oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. In this regard, mitochondrial uncoupling could induce a greater dependence on glycolytic ATP generation, Hypaconitine especially when there is an abundant supply of glucose in the medium. In a previous study, we found that ATP levels declined more sharply in the UCP1-expressing adipocytes when medium glucose was removed. In this study, we found that FCCP treatment significantly depressed the ATP level even in the presence of medium glucose, while further increasing the ratio of lactate production to glucose consumption. Other studies on inhibitors of mitochondrial metabolism have similarly noted that glycolytic ATP generation is critical for cell survival when oxidative phosphorylation is impaired. Taken together, the results of this study and other prior works suggest the following link between mitochondrial uncoupling and reduction in TG accumulation. Uncoupling diminishes the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in a lower yield of ATP. In Lersivirine mammalian cells, biosynthesis pathways are among the most sensitive to ATP supply.