Similarly, the impact of the suppression of IGFBP7 on the neonates requires further study. In conclusion, we found that IGFBP7 was mainly expressed in the glandular epithelium and stoma and was significantly upregulated during the post-implantation period. Immunization with pCR3.1- IGFBP7-t could reduce the embryo implantation and pregnancy rates in mice by generating anti-IGFBP7 antibodies. After immunization with pCR3.1-IGFBP7-t, the decidualization in pregnant uterus was repressed, and the balances of cytokines and lymphocytes were shifted to Th1 dominance. Regeneration in the adult brain involves neurotrophic factors, neuroinhibitors, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix molecules that may affect the regenerative process. These molecules are often produced by the glial cells and affects the nerve regeneration for instance in the spinal cord after injury, where regeneration beyond the glial scar is problematic. Another field for regenerative studies is regeneration induced by neural grafts in neurodegenerative disorders. Much effort has been dedicated to study reinnervation of the striatum induced by transplanted dopaminergic cells in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In this situation no strong correlation to inhibited graft outgrowth has been accounted to the astrocytic influence, still graft outgrowth is limited to small zones surrounding the transplants, which limits the effect of the transplant, unless multiple graft sites are made to cover most of the dopamine-denervated portion of the striatum. To investigate what influences nerve fiber growth and what may make the graft outgrowth to halt at a certain distance from the grafted tissue, organotypic tissue cultures have been employed. In ventral mesencephalic organotypic cultures, two morphologically different types of nerve fiber growth patterns have been observed. The different waves of outgrowth depend on astroglia, i.e. either in the absence of astroglia or in the close association with astrocytes. The non-glial-associated outgrowth appears early, already after 2–3 days in vitro, without the presence of glial cell bodies, and retracts usually after some weeks. The later appearing nerve fiber formation is found in the presence of astroglia and is persistent over time. Based on studies using a mitotic inhibitor, a strong relationship between the two growth patterns has been suggested. Thus, when promoting astrocytic migration, the non-glial-associated outgrowth disappears, while it is present when inhibiting astrocytic migration. Adding neurotrophic factor to the medium enhances the density of glial-associated nerve fibers, while the non-glial-associated growth is not affected. Trichostatin A Interestingly, when the presence of non-glialassociated growth is promoted, nerve fibers continuously elongate and reach distances of several mm. The maximal distance that the migrating astroglia and glial-associated nerve fibers reach is around 1 mm, which is approximately the same distance that graft outgrowth reaches in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, the interplay between astrocytes and nerve fiber growth appears important for the distance that the nerve fibers may grow during regeneration. Extracellular matrix molecules, integrins or integrin-associated protein, also known as CD47, are factors that are expressed by the astrocytes. It is known that the extracellular matrix proteins, such as the proteoglycans, widely affect nerve fiber outgrowth, however, little is known about the effects of CD47. CD47 is widely expressed in the brain, especially abundant in synapse-rich regions, and its expression increases during postnatal development.