Our study GW786034 444731-52-6 should help physicians better interpret the implications of IgG4 staining in orbital tissue. Salmonella, a facultative anaerobic bacterium that has a broad range of hosts including humans, farm animals and plants, causes serious infection and thousands of deaths each year, posing a significant threat to humans. A large outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection occurred in the 1980s. Five hundred ninety-one strains were isolated from the blood of patients who had acute and severe clinical symptoms. It was shown that more than 80% of isolates were multi-drug resistant, which was attributed to a large plasmid with a size of 159 kb, designated as pRST98, belonging to the IncC group. Our previous study showed that pRST98 is a chimerical plasmid carrying genes responsible for drug resistance and virulence. The strains harboring pRST98 were found resistant to trimethoprim, streptomycin, kanamycin, sulfonamide, neomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, carbenicillin, ampicillin, and cephalosporin. A biofilm is a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix adherent to abiotic or living surfaces. Bacterial BF formation is described in three phases: initial attachment, proliferation and maturation, and detachment. It was reported that approximately 80% of bacterial infections are related to BFs. In the transition to BF status, some characteristics of bacteria change, including their adherence, invasion, virulence, and resistance. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to eradicate BFrelated contamination using routine methods such as disinfectants. Taking Salmonella BF as an example, Barker and Bloomfield found even when treated with cleaning products, Salmonella BF that developed in toilets could live up to four weeks after patients were cured of salmonellosis infections. Bacterial BF formation during food processing has caused severe consequences in public health. The resistance against multiple antibiotics is greatly increased when Salmonella is enclosed in a BF, which makes BF-related diseases more difficult to treat or cure. The persistence of bacterial BFs on the surface of teeth damages the tooth enamel and induces an inflammatory reaction in the surrounding gums. S. Typhi BFs formed on the gallbladder were reported to be associated with the occurrence of liver cancer. In addition, bacterial BFs in medical implants such as indwelling catheters could led to severe consequences. Therefore, the effects of BFs on causing endocarditis and intraabdominal, pelvic, and urinary tract infections have been extensively studied. It has been suggested that a conjugative plasmid could promote BF formation in E. coli and other bacteria. This phenomenon could be attributed to conjugative-plasmid related factors. It has been proposed that the conjugative pili act as adhesion factors at the early stage of BF formation. In response to limited nutrients and stressful conditions, many microorganisms form BFs by secreting polymeric matrices to interweave individual cells and build structural communities on abiotic or living surfaces. Due to the significance of BF formation in increasing the resistance of bacteria against hostile environments, BFs have become a significant research interest in the medical, food and environmental fields. Jean-Marc Ghigo first found that natural conjugative plasmids have the capability of promoting BF formation in E. Coli. In addition, bacteria harboring conjugative plasmids developed thicker BFs than those not harboring such plasmids. However, the relationship between the conjugative plasmids in Salmonella and BF formation has not been studied. The effects of pRST98 on BF formation were explored in this study.