The successful establishment of pregnancy is dependent on proper growth and MG132 development of the uterine endometrium in preparation for blastocyst implantation. This complex process involves secretory transformation of glandular epithelial cells followed by decidualization of stromal cells. Toxin-antitoxin systems consist of a pair of genes that specify two components: a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that interferes with the action of the toxin. Several toxin-antitoxin modules have been identified in the chromosome of E. coli. Among them are: mazEF, chpBIK, relBE, yefM-yoeB, dinJ-yafQ. Although the mechanisms mediating Rab21 translocation to macropinosomes remain to be elucidated, important information can be inferred from the analysis of the localization of the Rab21 mutants, Rab21-T33N and Rab21-Q78L. Antigen production by MVA was also noted to be greater in human dendritic cells, and resulted in enhanced T-cell stimulation in an in vitro antigen presentation assay. Therefore, the potential of recombinant MVA viruses, expressing AHSV proteins, to induce AHSV-specific immune response in ponies was investigated. The results presented here demonstrate that the GDP-bound mutant Rab21-T33N mainly localizes in the cytosol and the trans-Golgi network during macropinocytosis, whereas the GTP-bound mutant Rab21-Q78L is associated with macropinosomes, thereby providing evidence that GTP binding is required for Rab21 translocation, as has been found for other Rab proteins. These results imply the involvement of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase-activating proteins and/or some other interacting proteins in the regulation of Rab21 translocation. An intriguing finding in our study is that the association of Rab21 with macropinosomes is slightly preceded by that of Rab5 and persists even after Rab5 loss. Rab21 and Rab5 are phylogenetically close and have similar interaction partners. For instance, APPL1, which is an effector of Rab5 and present on newly formed macropinosomes, also interacts with Rab21. Moreover, Rabex-5, characterized as a GEF for Rab5, has been shown to have equal GEF activity on Rab21. The well studied mazEF system was the first to be described as regulatable and responsible for bacterial programmed cell death. MazE is degraded by the ATP-dependent ClpPA serine protease. Centromeres are composed entirely of repetitive elements that have restricted accessibility to sequencing and assembling. The initiation of canonical Wnt/b-catenin signaling requires LRP5 or LRP6 ; in contrast, noncanonical Wnt pathways are usually independent of these two proteins. LRP5 and LRP6 are highly homologous and exhibit functional redundancy both in vitro and in vivo. However, loss-of-function studies in animals show that Lrp5 and Lrp6 also have unique roles for which the other cannot compensate. In mice, disruption of Lrp6 causes severe developmental defects.