One possibility is that the localization of PLEKHA7 and/or its interaction with p120ctn requires a simultaneous interaction with the microtubule cytoskeleton and/or associated proteins, which can only occur at the AJ belt. Conversely, the subcellular localization of PLEKHA7 in epithelial cells most closely resembles that of afadin, an AJ plaque protein that links the transmembrane protein nectin to the actin cytoskeleton, and also interacts with acatenin. The independent association of OSA with dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation observed in our study has biological basis. Intermittent hypoxia, the hallmark of OSA, causes dyslipidemia in mice by up-regulating hepatic lipid biosynthesis and lipoprotein secretion via hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha. Intermittent hypoxia also activates pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B that promote activation of various inflammatory cells with the downstream consequence of expression of pro-inflammatory mediators that may lead to endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we found that several metabolic and inflammatory markers associated with OSA were similar in patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness. Other investigators have also shown that OSA is associated with markers of atherosclerosis and mortality irrespective of daytime symptoms. These collective results challenge the notion that only sleepy patients with OSA are at increased cardiovascular risk. OSA may not be suspected in non-sleepy persons, and, therefore, overlooked as a potential cardiovascular risk factor. However, PLEKHA7 differs from afadin and ZO-1, because it is not clearly detectable in junctions of endothelial cells, that contain VE-cadherin, afadin and p120ctn. Sufficiently high negative charge of the erythrocyte surface is believed to SAR131675 suppress cellular aggregation and enable erythrocyte populations to maintain stable suspensions. ZP is thus a useful parameter to study the impact of membrane modifications on the net charge and adhesive properties of cell surfaces. Employing these chemical and biophysical methods, we found that CC erythrocytes show characteristic alterations in both nanoscopic and macroscopic membrane properties that may affect intrinsic protein distributions and/or functions as well as intercellular interactions. Due to the similarities between BT and AHS viruses and their vectors, it has been suggested that should AHSV incur into Europe there is the potential for it to become as widespread as BTV. As there are concerns over the use of modified live AHSV vaccines, the development of efficacious and safer AHSV vaccines, suitable for use in both endemic and non-endemic regions, is therefore an important focus of AHSV research. Poxvirus vectored vaccines, with enhanced safety due to limited replication are of particular interest.